Background: During recent three decades, parallel to the improvement of arthroscopic techniques, intra-articular block by direct injection of anesthetics into the joint has been used in knee arthroscopy. In this study the efficacy of intra- articular block by complex of bupivacaine, lidocaine and adrenaline in knee arthroscopy has been assessed.Methods: Forty one healthy adults (age range: 18-55 years) with knee problems selected for diagnostic arthroscopy. Anesthesia was induced by direct injection of10ml 2% bupivacaine, 10ml 0.5% lidocaine plus 1/100000 adrenaline into the knee joint. Duration of operation and volume of serum used for irrigation during the procedure; pain and analgesics requirement, during and after arthroscopy; (VAS) (VISUAL ANALOGUE Scale) SCORE, at time of discharge from recovery and also patient's and surgeon's satisfaction were assessed.Results: Sixty eight percent and 29% of cases reported mild and moderate degree of pain perception during arthroscopy, respectively, and only one case for which general anesthesia was performed, reported severe pain. (VAS) mean was 2.78. Seventy eight percent of cases and the surgeon in80% of procedures had excellent or good satisfaction with intra-articular block.Conclusions: Considering high level of satisfaction in both patients and surgeon and mean of (VAS), complications of other modalities of anesthesisa and simplicity of the technique, intra-articular block can be used as an easy, safe and efficient method for knee arthroscopy.

Introduction: The efficacy of subarachnoid sufentanil-bupivacaine for pain relief has been found. These drugs may affect not only labor pain but also duration of labor, delivery way (vaginal, instrumental or cesarean) and mother and fetus systems. The object of this study is definition of subarachnoid sufentanil-bupivacaine efficacy on labor analgesia and cesarean rate.Material and Methods: 41 parturient who requesting labor analgesia (interaction group= I) compared with 41 parturient who did not requesting analgesia (comparison group=C). We did not do any procedure on C group. Patients in group I received intrathecal sufentanil 7.5 mg and bupivacaine 2.5 mg via 27G spinal needle guided by 18G needle. VISUAL ANALOGUE SCOREs ((VAS)) for pain, vital signs (BP, HR, and RR), neonatal apgar and duration of labor measured and recorded for two groups. Incidence of nausea, vomiting, pruritus, hypotension, motor block and post dural puncture headache also were recorded for patients in group I. Results: There were no significant differences between two groups in relation to age and parity. (VAS) in cervical dilatation of 4 cm at the zero point and  40, 80, 120, and 160 minutes after that was 3.3, 3.7, 4.2, 4.7, and 5.5 for C group  and 4.4 , 0.1, 0.1, 1.5 and 3.1 for I group respectively (P<0.05). (VAS) was 2.2 for I group versus 6.5 in C group in stage II of labor (P<0.05). The duration of labor from zero point was 173 min in C group versus 127 min in I group (P<0.05). Cesarean section was performed in 5 (12.2%) cases of C group and 2(4.9%) cases of I group. Vacuum extraction was done in 3 (7.3%) cases of C group and 4 (9.8%) cases of I group, apgar SCOREs in two groups were high and there were no apgar under 7. The incidence of pruritus was 39.2%. One of patients (2.4%) experienced nausea and postural puncture headache developed in two of patients (4.9%). Non of the patients developed hypotension or motor block.Conclusion: Intrathecal sufentanil 7.5 mg combined with bupivacaine 2.5mg is a very effective analgesic in stage I of labor and decreases the pain of stage II of labor also this accelerated labor process and did not affect cesarean rate and instrumental delivery.

Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is used as a measure to valuate healthcare interventions and guide policy making. The EuroQol EQ-5D is a widely used generic preference-based instrument to measure Health-related quality of life. Objectives: The objective of this study was to develop a value set of the EQ-5D health states for an Iranian population. Patients and Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study of Iranian populations. Our sample from Iranian populations consists out of 869 participants, who were selected for this study using a stratified probability sampling method. The sample was taken from individuals living in the city of Tehran and was stratified by age and gender from July to November 2013. Respondents valued 13 health states using the VISUAL ANALOGUE scale ((VAS)) of the EQ-5D. Several fixed effects regression models were tested to predict the full set of health states. We selected the final model based on the logical consistency of the estimates, the sign and magnitude of the regression coefficients, goodness of fit, and parsimony. We also compared predicted values with a value set from similar studies in the UK and other countries. Results: Our results show that the HRQoL does not vary among socioeconomic groups. Models at the individual level resulted in an additive model with all coefficients being statistically significant, R2 = 0. 55, a value of 0. 75 for the best health state (11112), and a value of-0. 074 for the worst health state (33333). The value set obtained for the study sample remarkably differs from those elicited in developed countries. Conclusions: This study is the first estimate for the EQ-5D value set based on the (VAS) in Iran. Given the importance of locally adapted value set the use of this value set can be recommended for future studies in Iran and In the EMRO regions.

Introduction: Mental fatigue is defined as body or soul tiredness which can be caused by stress, overwork, excessive use of drugs or physical or mental illnesses. Fatigue is one of the reasons of productivity loss as well as occurring accidents. Therefore, mental fatigue measurement is of great importance. This study was aimed to determine the consistency of mental fatigue measurement by self-reported (VAS) and the flicker fusion apparatus. Material and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on 30 students. After they had accomplished mental tasks (i.e. mathematical problem solving and responding to MMPI questionnaire), mental fatigued was measured by self-reported (VAS) and flicker fusion apparatus. To analyze the results, paired sample T-test and Spearman correlation test were applied in SPSS software version 11.5 (P<0.05). Findings: The results of mental fatigue measurements by both methods of self-reported (VAS) and the flicker fusion apparatus showed significant increase in mental fatigue after finishing each of the mental tasks. But the findings revealed no consistency between the two methods.Conclusion: Since self-reported (VAS) is a subjective technique, it seems that the lack of consistency between the two methods is due to its inefficiency in the mental fatigue measurement. Therefore, further studies with more precise methods such as EEG is suggested.

Background and Aim: Fear from dentistry procedures is one of the most prevalent conditions which can influence patient-dentist relationships. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of fear from different dental procedures in patients referred to the dental school of Kennan university.Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the rate of fear from different dental procedures in 386 patients referred to the dental school of Kennan University was assessed with the VISUAL ANALOGUE scale by a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by t and ANOVA tests.Results: The results of this study showed that from 386 patients referred, 74 (19%) patients had low to moderate fear, 261(67.8%) patients had moderate to severe fear and 51(13.2%) patients had extreme fear. Most of the patients feared from surgery, root canal therapy, extraction and observing the syringe. The analysis of data showed that there was a significant relationship between fear, sex and previous unpleasant experiences. Women had more fear than men (P=0.012), and those who had unpleasant experiences feared more than those who did not (P=0.03). Fear decreased as the number of visits to the dentist increased (P=0.021). Conclusion: In spite of the differences in the rate of fear, dental procedures which cause the fear were the same in the patients.

Aim: The goal of this Cross-Sectional study was assessment of the rate of fear in different dental situations on 231 patients referring to dental school of Shahid Sadooghi University of Yazd.Method & Material: All of necessary information was gathered by the means of a questionnaire containing questions about demographic varieties and 19 different dental situations. In this study rate of fear of patients was obtained by the method of VISUAL ANALOGUE scale.Results: The results of this study showed that 134 (57/3%) patients had low to moderate fear, 85 (36.8%) patients had moderate to sever fear and 12 (5.19%) patients had very sever fear. The most rate of fear was from surgery, root canal therapy, extraction and observation of needle. The assessment of information showed that there was significant statistical relationship between fear and sex and unfavorable experiences. But there wasn't any significant statistical relationship between fear and age and number of appointments.Conclusion: With considering of these results we advise that dentists increase their information about fear and the ways to reduce it.